Mapping Built Environment Characteristics for Active Living in Urban Asia: A Scoping Review

ฐิติกร โตโพธิ์ไทย

ผู้แต่ง

ฐิติกร โตโพธิ์ไทย กองออกกำลังกาย กรมอนามัย กระทรวงสาธารณสุข; สำนักงานพัฒนานโยบายสุขภาพระหว่างประเทศ กระทรวงสาธารณสุข

คำสำคัญ:

กิจกรรมทางกาย, พฤติกรรมเนือยนิ่ง, สุขภาพเขตเมือง, การวางผังเมือง, การคมนาคมขนส่ง

บทคัดย่อ

การมีกิจกรรมทางกายไม่เพียงพอและพฤติกรรมเนือยนิ่งเป็นประเด็นสาธารณสุขสำคัญของคนในเมืองเอเชียที่กำลังขยายตัวอย่างรวดเร็ว สิ่งแวดล้อมสรรค์สร้างมีอิทธิพลต่อพฤติกรรมการเคลื่อนไหวร่างกายของประชาชน อย่างไรก็ตาม หลักฐานทางวิชาการในระดับภูมิภาคยังคงมีจำกัด การศึกษานี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อทำแผนที่ลักษณะของสิ่งแวดล้อมสรรค์สร้างที่มีความสัมพันธ์กับกิจกรรมทางกายและพฤติกรรมเนือยนิ่งในผู้ใหญ่ที่อาศัยอยู่ในบริบทเมืองของภูมิภาคเอเชีย การศึกษาดำเนินการตามแนวทาง PRISMA และลงทะเบียนในฐานข้อมูล PROSPERO (CRD42023396292) โดยสืบค้นบทความภาษาอังกฤษที่ตีพิมพ์ระหว่างปี ค.ศ. 2012–2024 จากฐานข้อมูล 5 แห่ง ได้แก่ Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus และ Cochrane Library เกณฑ์การคัดเลือกกำหนดให้บทความต้องประเมินลักษณะของสิ่งแวดล้อมสรรค์สร้างชนิดใดชนิดหนึ่งที่สัมพันธ์กับกิจกรรมทางกายหรือพฤติกรรมเนือยนิ่ง คัดเลือกการศึกษาจำนวน 98 เรื่อง โดยมีสิ่งแวดล้อมสรรค์สร้างจำนวน 356 รายการ โดยลักษณะที่มีการรายงานมาก ได้แก่ สถานที่ใช้ประโยชน์ที่ดินผสมผสาน (n = 63) สถานที่ด้านนันทนาการ (n = 58) สถานที่สวยงาม (n = 50) จุดเชื่อมโครงข่ายถนน (n = 48) สถานที่อยู่ประชากรหนาแน่น (n = 44) และสิ่งก่อสร้างด้านความปลอดภัย (n = 38) โดยคุณลักษณะที่ศึกษากันมาก ได้แก่ ความหลากหลายและการเข้าถึงได้ในชีวิตประจำวัน สวนสาธารณะและสถานที่ออกกำลังกาย พื้นที่สีเขียวและความสะอาด จำนวนทางแยกและทางข้ามถนน ความปลอดภัยด้านการจราจรหรืออาชญากรรม ส่วนในด้านการเข้าถึงระบบขนส่งสาธารณะ โครงสร้างพื้นฐานสำหรับคนเดินเท้า และการใช้จักรยานนั้น มีจำนวนการศึกษาน้อยกว่า ผลลัพธ์ด้านพฤติกรรมเนือยนิ่งพบเพียง 3 การศึกษา สะท้อนให้เห็นว่ามีการศึกษาสิ่งแวดล้อมสรรค์สร้างที่ไม่สมดุลในบริบทเมืองของภูมิภาคเอเชีย และชี้ให้เห็นช่องว่างสำคัญขององค์ความรู้ โดยเฉพาะด้านพฤติกรรมเนือยนิ่งและลักษณะสภาพแวดล้อมที่ยังได้รับการศึกษาน้อย ข้อค้นพบสามารถใช้กำหนดทิศทางการวิจัยในอนาคต และสนับสนุนการพัฒนากลยุทธ์การวางผังเมืองที่เอื้อต่อการใช้ชีวิตอย่างกระฉับกระเฉงในเมืองที่กำลังเติบโตอย่างรวดเร็ว

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