Geographical Distribution and Seasonal Patterns of Nipah Virus Disease Outbreaks

Abstract

Nipah virus is a major public health concern, recognized by the World Health Organization as one of the most dangerous emerging viruses due to its ability to cause severe respiratory illness and encephalitis, with a high mortality rate. Its outbreaks have far-reaching consequences beyond health, affecting healthcare systems, economies, and causing widespread public anxiety. Climate change and urban expansion have increased human contact with wildlife, highlighting the importance of understanding the Nipah virus for outbreak prevention. Although the virus has not re-emerged in Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines, it continues to cause outbreaks in Bangladesh and India often linked to
the bat breeding season and harvest periods. Since the first outbreak, India has reported nine outbreaks, while Bangladesh experiences nearly annual occurrences, often showing seasonal patterns and geographic specificity. Understanding the geographical distribution and seasonal trends of Nipah virus outbreaks is essential for identifying cross-species transmission patterns and supporting effective public health strategies.