Artificial Intelligence in the design and fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds

Abstract

Tissue engineering has emerged as a transformative field in regenerative medicine, with scaffold design playing a critical role in supporting cell growth and tissue regeneration. However, replicating a complex architecture and mechanical properties of native tissues remains a significant challenge. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have revolutionized scaffold development by enhancing a design and fabrication processes to achieve specific functional properties. AI-driven approaches enable the prediction of biomaterial properties, optimization of scaffold geometries, and real-time control of fabrication processes, significantly reducing the reliance on trial-and-error experimentation. AI-integrated additive manufacturing has demonstrated superior accuracy in producing patient-specific, mechanically robust, and biologically compatible scaffolds. Moreover, AI models facilitate precise prediction of scaffold mechanical behavior and degradation profiles, accelerating the development of clinically viable tissue engineering solutions. This review highlights the integration of AI across various stages of scaffold development and discusses its potential to overcome existing limitations, paving the way for more personalized, effective, and scalable regenerative therapies.