Pneumocysitis jirovecii pneumonia

HIV/AIDS surveillance supplemental report. Vol.9 No.3 Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003:1-20.

Thomas CF,Limper AH. Pneumocystis pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2487-98.

Tietjen PA. Clininal presentation and diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection in HIV-infected patients. Up to Date version 12.2;2004 April. Available from: URL: http://www.uptodate.com.

Edman JC, Kovacs JA, Masur H, Santi DV, Elwood HJ, Sogin ML. Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Phemocystis carinii to be a member of fungi. Nature 1988; 334: 519-22.

Gigliotti F, Harmsen AG, Haidaris CG, Haidaris PJ. Pneumocystis carinii is not universally transmissible between mammalian species. Infect Immun 1993;61: 2886-90.

Cushion MT, Beck JM. Summary of pneumocystis re~ search presented at the 7th International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2001; 48 suppl: 1018-105S.

Wyder MA, Rasch EM, Kaneshiro ES. Quantion of absolute Pneumocystis carinii nuclear DNA content: trophic and cystic forms isolated from infected rat lungs are haploid organisms. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1998; 45: 233-9.

Giglioti F, Ballou LR, Hughes WT, Mosley BD. Purification and initial characterization of a ferret Pneumocystis carinii antigen. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 848-54.

Vuk-Pavlovic Z, Standing JE, Crouch EC, Limper AH. Carbohydrate recognition domain of surfactant protcin D mediates interactions with Preumicytis carinii glycoprotein A. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24: 475-84.

Vassallo R, Standing JE, Limper AH. Isolated Pheunocystis carimi cell wall glucan provokes lower respiratory tract inflammatory responses. J Immunol 2000; 164:3755-63.

Schmatz DM, Powles M, McFadden DC, Pittarelli LA, Liberator PA, Anderson JW. Treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and further elucidation of the Preumocystis carinii life cycle with 1,3-beta-glucan synthesis inhibitor L-671,329. I Protozool. 1991; 38(6):151S-153S

Pifer LL, Hughes WT, Stango S.Woods D. Pneumocystis carinii infection: evidence of high prevalence in normal and immunosuppressed children. Pediatrics 1978; 61: 35-41.

Lundgren B, Elvin K, Rothman LP, Ljungstrom I, Lidman C, Lundgren JD. Transmission of Pheumocystis carinii from patients to hospital staff. Thorax 1997; 52: 422-4.

Miller RF, Ambrose HE, Wakefield AE. Pneumocystis carinii sp. Hominis DNA in immunocompetent health care workers in contact with patients with P.carinii pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3877-82.

Hoover DR, Saah AJ, Bacellar H, Phair J, Detels R, Anderson R, et al. Clinical manifestations of AIDS in the cra of pneumocystis prophylaxis. N Engl Med 1993; 329: 1922-6.

Stansell JD, Osmond DH, Charlebois E, LaVange L, Wallace IM, Alexander BV, et al. Predictors of Pheumocystis carinil poeumonia in HIV-infected persons. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 60-6.

Masur H, Kaplan JE, Holmes KK. Guidelines forpreventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons 2002: recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Disease Society of America. Am Intern Med 2002; 137: 435-78.

Phair J, Mu-oz A, Detels R, Kaslow R, Rinaldo C, Saah A. The risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type I. Multicenter AIDS cohort study group. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 161-5.

Kales CP, Murren JR, Torres RA, Crocco JA. Early predictors of in-hospital mortality for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1413-7.

De Lorenzo LJ, Huang CT, Maguire GP, Stover DE. Roentgenographic patterns of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 104 patients with AIDS. Chest 1987; 91: 323-7.

Jules-Elysee K, Stover DE, Zaman MB, Bernard EM, White DA. Aerosolized pentamidine: Effect on diagnosis and presentation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 750-7.

Sepkowitz KA, Telzak EE, Gold JW, Bernard EM, Blum S, Carrow M, et al. Pneumothorax in AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 455-9.

Gruden JF, Huang L, Turner J, Webb WR, Merrifield C, Stansell JD, et al. High-resolution CT in the evaluation of clinically suspected Preumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients with normal, equivocal, or nonspecific radiographic findings. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169:967-75.

Masur H, Shelhamer JH. Empiric Outpatient Management of HIV-Related Pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 124: 451-3.

Zaman MK, White DA. Serum lactate dehydrogenase levels and Pheumocystis carinii pneumonia: Diagnostic and prognostic significance. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 796-800.

Medina, I, Mills, J, Leong, G, et al. Oral therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:776-82.

Fischl MA. Dickinson GM, La Voie L. Safety and efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim chemopro-phylaxis of Preumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS. JAMA 1988; 259: 1185-9.

Gordon FM, Simon GL, Wofsy CB, Mill J. Adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 495-9.

Wharton JM, Coleman DL, Wofsky CB, et al. Trimetho-prim-sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine for Pheumocystis carinii pneumonia on the acquired immunodeficicicicncy syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105: 37-44.

Sattler FR, Cowan R, Nielsen DM, Ruskin J. Trimetho-prim-sulfamethoxazole compared with pentamidine for treatment of Pheumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109: 280-7.

Klein NC, Duncanson FP, Lenox TH,Forszpaniak C, Sherer CB, Quenntzel H, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfametho-xazole versus pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients: results of a large prospective randomized treatment trial. AIDS 1992; 6: 301-5.

Conte JE, Chernoff D, Feigel DW Jr, Joseph P, MnDonald C, Golden JA. Intravenous or inhaled pentamidine for treating Pheumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 203-9.

Noskin GA, Murphy RL, Black JR, Phair FP. Salvage therapy with clindamycin/primaquine for Pheumocystis carinii pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 183-8.

Leoung GS, Mills J, Hopewell VC, Hughes W, Wofsy C, et al. Dapsone-trimethoprim for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeticiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 174-80.

Hughes WT, Leoung G, Kramer F, Bozzette SA, Safrin S, Frame P, et al. Comparison of atovaquone (5666C80) with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to treat Pneumocystis carizui pneumonia in patients with AIDS.N EngI J Med 1993; 328: 1521-7.

Dohn MN, Weinberg WG, Torres RA, Follansbee SE, Caldwell PT, Scott JD, et al. Oral atovaquone compared with intravenous pentamidine for Preumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 174-80.

Safrin S, Finkelstein DM, Feinberg J, Frame P, Simpson G, Wu A, et al. Comparison of three regimens for treatment of mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. A double-blind, randomized trial of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dapsone-trimethoprim, and clindamycin-primaquine. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 792-802.

Montaner JSG, Lawson LM, Levitt N, Belzberg A, Schechter MT, Ruedy I. Corticosteroids prevent early deterioration in paticnts with moderately severe Pheumocystis carinii pneumonia and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 14-20.

Gallant JE, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. The effect of adjunctive corticosteroids for the treatment of Pheumocytis carinii pneumonia on mortality and subsequent complications. Chest 1998; 114: 1258-63.

The National Institute of Health-University of California Expert Panel for Corticosteroids as Adjunctive Therapy for Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Consensus statement on the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for Pneumocystis pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficienciency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1500-4.

Bozzette SA, Sattler FR, Chiu J, Wu AW, Gluckstein D, Kemper C, et al. A controlled trial of carly adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carini pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. California Collaborative Treatment Group. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1451-7.

U.S.Public Health Service Task Force on anti-pneumocystis prophylaxis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Recommendations for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993; 6: 46-55.

USPHS/IDSA Guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a summary. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995; 44: 1-34.

Hughes WT, Kuhn S, Chaudhary S, Feldman S, Verzosa M, Aur RJ, et al. Successful chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: 1419-26.

Fischl MA, Dickinson GM, La Voie L. Safety and efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim chemoprophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS. JAMA 1988; 259: 1185-9.

El-Sadr WM, Luskin-Hawk R, Yurik TM, Walker J, Abrams D, John SL, et al. A randomized trial of daily and thrice-weekly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 775-83.

Bozzette SA, Finkelstein DM, Spector SA, Frame P, Powderly WG, He W, et al. A randomized trial of three antipneumocystis agents in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl I Med 1995; 332: 693-9.

Schneider MM, Hoepelman Al, Eefinck Schattenkenk JK, Neilsen JL, van de Graaf Y, Frissen JP, et al. A con- trolled trial of aerosolized pentamidine or trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxlaxis against Phaxmocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immnodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1836-41.

Levine SJ, Masur H, Gill VJ, Feuerstein I, Suffredini AF, Brown D.et al. Effect of aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis on the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by induced sputum examination in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am Rev Resp Dis 1991; 144: 760-4.

Beumont MG, Graziani A, Ubel PA, MacGregor RR. Safety of dapsone as Preumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis in human immunodeficiciency virus-infected patients with allergy to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Am J Med 1996; 100: 611-6.