Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the Thai traditional Ya-Apaisalee herbal formulation
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Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of the Abhaiphisali herbal formulation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to evaluate its antioxidant activity. The formulation, consisting of 20 herbal ingredients, was extracted with 95% ethanol using ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The crude extract obtained was subsequently analyzed for its chemical constituents by GC–MS and evaluated for antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, with Trolox used as the reference standard. The results showed that 85.98 g of crude extract was obtained, corresponding to a percentage yield of 24.05%. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of at least 40 chemical constituents. The major compounds detected were piperine (46.85%), trimyristin (17.81%), caryophyllene (7.31%), and lup-20(29)-en-3-ol acetate (3.53%). In addition, several compounds belonging to the phytosterol and triterpenoid groups were also identified. The antioxidant activity assay showed that the Abhaiphisali extract exhibited IC50 values of 321.12 ± 0.43 µg/mL for the DPPH assay and 289.22 ± 3.51 µg/mL for the ABTS assay, indicating lower antioxidant activity than the Trolox standard. These findings demonstrate that the Abhaiphisali herbal formulation contains a variety of bioactive compounds. Although its antioxidant activity was lower than that of the reference standard, the obtained data provide important preliminary phytochemical information for this traditional Thai herbal formulation, for which scientific reports remain limited. The findings may also be useful for the identification of chemical markers for future quality control of Thai herbal formulations.
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